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Cardiac valves are essential structures in the heart that regulate the flow of blood through its four chambers and ensure it moves in the correct direction. The heart contains four valves: the mitral and tricuspid valves, which control blood flow between the atria and ventricles, and the aortic and pulmonary valves, which manage blood flow out of the ventricles into the arteries. These valves open and close with each heartbeat in response to pressure changes, preventing blood from flowing backward and maintaining efficient circulation throughout the body.

Diseases or damage to cardiac valves can lead to serious conditions such as valve stenosis (narrowing of the valve) or regurgitation (leakage of blood backward). These conditions may result from aging, infections like endocarditis, or congenital heart defects. Treatment options depend on the severity and type of valve disorder and can range from medication management to surgical interventions like valve repair or replacement using mechanical or biological valves. Advances in minimally invasive techniques, such as transcatheter valve replacement, have significantly improved outcomes and recovery times for many patients.

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